We report on a 52-year-old woman who presented with polycystic disease. Both of her kidneys had been removed and she had undergone one failed kidney transplantation. She had severe symptoms from the polycystic liver. The diseased liver and kidney were both treated successfully by performing a combined liver and kidney transplantation.

We report on two cases of pneumococcal infection caused by strains demonstrating high-level cefotaxime resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration, 4 microg/mL). One patient had acute community-acquired meningitis with bacteraemia and the other had bacteraemia probably as a result of nosocomial pneumonia. Both patients died despite treatment with third generation cephalosporins. This is the first report from Hong Kong of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level cefotaxime resistance that resulted in death. The emergence of high-level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins will result in treatment failure when these agents or penicillin are used alone, especially in cases of severe infection, such as meningitis, in which drug penetration of the blood-brain barrier is critical. The treatment of severe infections due to these isolates is problematic. Indiscriminate use of life-saving third-generation cephalosporins as out-patient treatment of minor infections or as first-line therapy for uncomplicated community-acquired infections in the hospital and in the community should be discouraged.

Vertebral artery dissection used to be an uncommon diagnosis but it is now being diagnosed more frequently owing to the use of magnetic resonance imaging. We report on three patients with vertebral artery dissection to illustrate the importance of establishing this diagnosis by using magnetic resonance imaging in patients who present with cerebrovascular accident that involves the posterior territory. Treatment with heparin can help prevent recurrent embolic events and should be given in the absence of subarachnoid haemorrhage or other contra-indications.

We report on an 80-year-old man who presented with non-hemispheric cerebrovascular symptoms in the form of daily multiple syncope. The left common carotid artery, its two main divisions, and the right vertebral artery were completely occluded. There was high-grade stenosis in the right carotid artery (82%) and left vertebral artery (60%). After excluding other causes of syncope such as postural hypotension, hypoglycaemia, cardiac arrhythymia, and epileptic seizure, a diagnosis of global ischaemia was made. The patient subsequently underwent carotid endarterectomy and the symptoms were relieved. This case represents an unusual indication for carotid endarterectomy.

We report on two patients with spastic quadriplegia and three patients with spastic diplegia who underwent selective posterior rhizotomy. The mean period of follow-up was 15 months (range, 12-21 months). The patients were assessed preoperatively and at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Tests included those for muscle tone (using a modified Ashworth scale), range of passive movement, functional status, and gait pattern. Muscle tone was reduced substantially after the procedure, and the range of passive movement was increased. Both the dependent and independent ambulators showed an increment in their walking velocity and stride length. There were no postoperative complications apart from mild fever and the treatment was well tolerated by both patients and parents. There was no return of spasticity in any of the patients during follow-up. The reduced spasticity resulted in better motor performance, and patients felt more comfortable with their daily activities. We conclude that selective posterior rhizotomy should be considered for those patients who have cerebral palsy and are disabled by spasticity.